{"id":350,"date":"2026-09-30T11:24:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-30T11:24:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.avocat-rulkowski.com\/?p=350"},"modified":"2026-09-30T11:24:47","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T11:24:47","slug":"conditions-particulieres-non-signees-exclusion-opposable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.avocat-rulkowski.com\/index.php\/2026\/09\/30\/conditions-particulieres-non-signees-exclusion-opposable\/","title":{"rendered":"Une exclusion de garantie figurant dans les conditions particuli\u00e8res que l’assur\u00e9 n’a pas sign\u00e9es peut-elle lui \u00eatre oppos\u00e9e ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Conditions<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La question de l’opposabilit\u00e9 des conditions particuli\u00e8res non sign\u00e9es, pourtant classique, revient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement dans bon nombre de contentieux, qu’elle soit soulev\u00e9e par l’assur\u00e9 lui-m\u00eame ou par le tiers l\u00e9s\u00e9 qui exerce une action directe \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de l’assureur du responsable. La Cour de cassation vient encore, d\u2019ailleurs, de l’examiner dans un arr\u00eat rendu le 7 mai 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le principe est connu : une clause restrictive de garantie n’est opposable \u00e0 l’assur\u00e9, et donc, par voie de cons\u00e9quence, au tiers l\u00e9s\u00e9, que si elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9e \u00e0 la connaissance et accept\u00e9e par l’assur\u00e9, au plus tard avant la r\u00e9alisation du sinistre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La charge de la preuve p\u00e8se, \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard, sur l\u2019assureur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le principe rappel\u00e9 en 2023 (Cass. 3e civ., 11 mai 2023, n\u00b0 21-21.402<\/a>, arr\u00eat non publi\u00e9)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Un syndicat de copropri\u00e9taires avait fait r\u00e9aliser des travaux de ravalement au cours desquels des fissures \u00e9taient apparues sur les fa\u00e7ades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’assureur de l’entreprise sous-traitante avait alors refus\u00e9 sa garantie en invoquant une clause excluant les dommages affectant les travaux r\u00e9alis\u00e9s par son assur\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour en justifier, l\u2019assureur avait produit les conditions particuli\u00e8res et g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de la police d\u2019assurance souscrite par son assur\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cependant, ni les conditions particuli\u00e8res, ni les conditions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales n’\u00e9taient sign\u00e9es par les parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par un arr\u00eat rendu le 11 mai 2023, la Cour de cassation a valid\u00e9 le raisonnement de la Cour d’Appel, laquelle avait jug\u00e9, sans inverser la charge de la preuve, que l’assureur ne d\u00e9montrait pas que la clause avait \u00e9t\u00e9 connue et accept\u00e9e par son assur\u00e9. Partant, l\u2019assureur a \u00e9t\u00e9 condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 garantir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e8gle est donc rappel\u00e9e : il ne suffit pas \u00e0 l’assureur de produire ses conditions particuli\u00e8res et g\u00e9n\u00e9rales : encore faut-il qu’il \u00e9tablisse que son assur\u00e9 en a eu connaissance et les a accept\u00e9es. Preuve non rapport\u00e9e en l\u2019absence, notamment, de signature de ladite police.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La jurisprudence r\u00e9cente : la signature n’est pas le seul mode de preuve<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Par deux arr\u00eats non publi\u00e9s, la Cour de cassation a pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 comment cette preuve pouvait \u00eatre rapport\u00e9e :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 la signature des conditions particuli\u00e8res, avec une mention par laquelle l’assur\u00e9 reconna\u00eet avoir re\u00e7u les conditions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales et les conventions sp\u00e9ciales, rend ces derni\u00e8res opposables, m\u00eame si elles ne sont pas elles-m\u00eames sign\u00e9es (Cass. 2e civ., 13 f\u00e9vr. 2025, n\u00b0 23-16.750<\/a>) ;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2192 des conditions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales et particuli\u00e8res non sign\u00e9es peuvent \u00eatre jug\u00e9es opposables au tiers l\u00e9s\u00e9 (en l’esp\u00e8ce, un ma\u00eetre d’ouvrage<\/a>) lorsque le num\u00e9ro de police mentionn\u00e9 dans le CCMI sign\u00e9 correspond \u00e0 celui des documents produits par l’assureur (Cass. 3e civ., 7 mai 2026, n\u00b0 24-12.952<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conditions particuli\u00e8res non sign\u00e9es : ce qu’il faut en retenir en pratique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le point de d\u00e9part demeure : en l’absence de signature, la clause n’est en principe pas opposable, sauf pour l’assureur \u00e0 prouver que l’assur\u00e9 en a eu connaissance et l’a accept\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette preuve peut toutefois r\u00e9sulter d’autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments qu’une signature appos\u00e9e sur les conditions elles-m\u00eames : un \u00e9change de correspondance, une mention de renvoi dans des conditions particuli\u00e8res sign\u00e9es, un document sign\u00e9 qui fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la police, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La comparaison des arr\u00eats de 2023 et de 2026, rendus par la m\u00eame chambre, est \u00e9clairante : dans les deux cas, les conditions produites n’\u00e9taient pas sign\u00e9es ; ce qui a fait la diff\u00e9rence en 2026, c’est l’existence d’un document sign\u00e9 mentionnant le num\u00e9ro de police.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La solution de 2026 n’est d’ailleurs pas sans rappeler le m\u00e9canisme du commencement de preuve par \u00e9crit : le contrat d’assurance \u00e9tant consensuel, l’\u00e9crit n’est exig\u00e9 qu’\u00e0 titre de preuve et un document sign\u00e9 qui rend vraisemblable l’adh\u00e9sion aux conditions peut \u00eatre compl\u00e9t\u00e9 par d’autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments. On peut n\u00e9anmoins s’interroger : la concordance d’un num\u00e9ro de police \u00e9tablit l’existence du contrat, mais \u00e9tablit-elle r\u00e9ellement la connaissance de chacune de ses clauses ?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour l’assur\u00e9 ou le tiers l\u00e9s\u00e9, l’absence de signature reste donc un argument s\u00e9rieux, mais elle ne suffit pas \u00e0 elle seule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour l’assur\u00e9, la vigilance commence d\u00e8s la souscription : conserver ses conditions particuli\u00e8res sign\u00e9es et v\u00e9rifier que les risques ou activit\u00e9s d\u00e9clar\u00e9s correspondent bien \u00e0 sa situation r\u00e9elle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Quant \u00e0 l’assureur, la le\u00e7on est sym\u00e9trique, la le\u00e7on est sym\u00e9trique : faire signer les conditions particuli\u00e8res, avec une mention de renvoi claire aux conditions g\u00e9n\u00e9rales, reste la meilleure garantie d’opposabilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

La question de l’opposabilit\u00e9 des conditions particuli\u00e8res non sign\u00e9es, pourtant classique, revient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement dans bon nombre de contentieux, qu’elle soit […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":356,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-350","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-droit-des-assurances","category-veille-jurisprudentielle"],"yoast_head":"\nConditions particuli\u00e8res non sign\u00e9es : exclusion opposable ?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Conditions particuli\u00e8res non sign\u00e9es : l'exclusion de garantie est-elle opposable ? 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